The South Korean international physician and surgeon training centre

Korea's training advantage is sheer case volume: instructors work across a wide variety of facial structures and skin conditions daily, so they can teach how to adapt technique per patient rather than just theory.

Programmes typically combine theory, live demonstration and supervised hands-on practice, plus the part most often overlooked: complication management, such as vascular occlusion from filler, which must be recognised and treated immediately.

The other component is clinic standards: temperature-controlled product storage, verifying the registration of every product used, recording lot numbers, and post-procedure follow-up systems — all of which participants can apply to raise their own clinic's standards immediately.

For ordinary patients, asking whether a clinic's doctors have specific procedure training and a complication protocol is a better question than comparing price alone.